Understanding the role of the modality principle in. Mayer university of california, santa barbara three studies investigated whether and under what conditions the addition of onscreen text would facilitate the learning of a narrated scientific multimedia explanation. Research on multimedia learning and on reading comprehension has become ubiquitous over the last decades. The redundancy principle is especially important to study in the classroom setting. We can see many multimedialearning scenarios have simultaneous text and audio in our lives.
What makes redundant presentation of multimedia learning. Although verbal learning offers a powerful tool, mayer explores ways of going beyond the purely verbal. Verbal redundancy in multimedia learning environments. Request pdf revising the redundancy principle in multimedia learning college students viewed a short multimedia powerpoint presentation consisting of. Just as with the voice principle, mayer is careful to point out that the research on the image principle is still preliminary. A comparison of three levels of verbal redundancy in multimedia. Procedural task scores were nonconclusive due to the ceiling effect. Faculty center for learning development 12 principles of multimedia learning if you are designing a powerpoint presentation, developing an online course or preparing to flip your classroom, you may need to reconsider how you will get students to engage with the material without the traditional facetoface interaction.
College students viewed a short multimedia powerpoint presentation consisting of 16 narrated slides explaining lightning formation experiment 1 or 8 narrated. Reconsideration of redundancy principle in instructional. Stated concisely, the redundancy principle says, people learn better from graphics and narration than from graphics, narration, and printed text mayer, 2009, p. Doolittle virginia tech david hicks virginia tech abstract the purpose of this study was to assess the effects of training, modality, and redundancy on the. There has been a considerable research and much written about what is a well designed, effective slide. According to cognitive load theory, information should be presented by considering excessiveload on working memory. Results are discussed in terms of cognitive load theory and cognitive theory of multimedia learning. Mayers 2001, 2005a cognitive theory of multimedia learning, in which the redundant text served to guide the learners attention without priming extraneous processing. Published doctor of philosophy dissertation, university of northern colorado, 2011. By educating instructors on appropriate multimedia design, they can in turn communicate to students why redundant text, although subjectively preferred, is an ineffective learning design. And remember to follow us on twitter and come back to e learning heroes regularly for more helpful advice on everything related to e learning. Multimedia learning an overview sciencedirect topics.
Redundancy key points to remember this document is intended to act as a source of general information to members who, as employers, may be facing a redundancy situation. The same redundant information presented to the learner through both information. Dec 18, 2010 the session focuses on the multimedia elearning design principle known as the segmenting principle, which suggests that authors of elearning content should break content up into small pieces or chunks in order to help avoid cognitive overload for the learners. The redundancy principle in multimedia learning chapter. Revising the redundancy principle in multimedia learning. Previous research on the redundancy principle in multimedia learning has shown that although exact correspondence between onscreen text and narration. These developers started combining text with audio narration to describe onscreen graphics. Created using powtoon free sign up at create animated videos and animated presentations for free. The revision to the redundancy principle is necessary because the use of short labels helps manage essential processing by guiding the learners attention to the keywords in the narration and the key action in the graphic while not adding to extraneous processing by presenting only a few words and placing them next to the portion of graphic they describe. Multimedia principle cognitive theory of multimedia learning.
Recent advances in graphics technology and information technology have prompted new efforts to understand the potential of multimedia learning as a means of promoting human understanding. The effects of training, modality, and redundancy on the. Extra informations words, pictures, sounds, music hurts learning redundancy principle. This is a very hard lesson for people creating academic presentations who feel that a good slide has a simple title then a list of points about that title. However, some studies began to show the modality principles impact had certain parameters and was impacting different groups, conditions and environments differently. And remember to follow us on twitter and come back to elearning heroes regularly for more helpful advice on everything related to elearning. When reading helps listening roxana moreno university of new mexico richard e. The modality and redundancy effects in multimedia learning. Johnson university of california, santa barbara college students viewed a short multimedia powerpoint presentation consisting of 16 narrated slides explaining lightning formation experiment 1 or 8 narrated slides explaining how a car s braking system. Revising the redundancy principle in multimedia learning eric. Redundancy principle people learn better from graphics and narration than from graphics, narration and onscreen text.
Redundancy key points to remember the northern ireland. Instructional implications 2 redundancy principle is not a simple, universally applicable rule redundancy principle can be explained by cognitive load theory and should always be considered in conjunction with the theory decisions regarding element interactivity should be made from the learners point of view novice vs. This presentation seeks to help define the subtle differences in the modality and redundancy principles of elearning. Redundancy sometimes produces less, instead of greater reliability it creates a more complex system which is prone to various issues, it may lead to human neglect of duty, and may lead to higher production demands which by overstressing the system may make it less safe. Measuring learning outcomes research on multimedia learning over the past several decades has resulted in an extensive body of knowledge about. The third principle redundancy effect occurs when information presentedrepeatedly interferes with learning.
Apr 02, 2010 instructional implications 2 redundancy principle is not a simple, universally applicable rule redundancy principle can be explained by cognitive load theory and should always be considered in conjunction with the theory decisions regarding element interactivity should be made from the learners point of view novice vs. Verbal redundancy arises from the concurrent presentation of text and verbatim speech. It states that including an image of an instructors talking head during a multimedia presentation doesnt necessarily improve learning outcomes. The redundancy principle states that learners can learn better just with animation and narration. Further more detailed information and template letters are available in the redundancy guidelines for members which may be found on assist. This study provides guidance how to create more effective instructionwith multimedia materials for instructional designers. The first principle states that attending to two distinct. The redundancy principle in multimedia learning request pdf. The visual text information, which is presented simultaneously to the verbal information, becomes a redundant material.
The modality and redundancy effects in multimedia learning in. Screen captured video tutorials as a special case of multimedia. Exploration of concise redundancy in online multimedia. Apa books, including the publication manual of theamerican. The redundancy principle further refines the description of how multimedia. Dec 03, 2014 created using powtoon free sign up at create animated videos and animated presentations for free. The redundancy principle refers for example to a learning material in which a text is presented near a picture to explain it, but similar spoken text carrying same information is also included in the material. Redundancy occurs when the same information is presented concurrently in multiple forms or is unnecessarily elaborated. It takes you through a brief introduction of the two principles. Each slide appeared for approximately 810 s and contained a diagram along with 12 sentences of narration spoken in a female voice. The redundancy effect refers to the phenomenon in instruction where learning is hindered when additional information is presented to learners compared to the presentation of less information. Screen captured video tutorials as a special case of. Oct 26, 2009 procedural task scores were nonconclusive due to the ceiling effect. In the handbook multimedia learning cambridge press, 2001, richard e.
Somewhat more specifically, redundancy principle of multimedia learning has been investigated a lot in many different, notably esl, settings. The design of the video in this study observed the coherence principle, the pretraining principle, the spatial contiguity principle, the temporal contiguity principle, the signaling principle, and the voice principle mayer, 2009. Many of the studies provided additional data and support for the modality principle in multimedia learning environments. This flow of information is critical to diffusing the detrimental studentinstructor cycle characterized by a sequence of student preference for redundant.
After an extensive search for experimental studies meeting. The multimedia principle is a theory studied in depth by richard mayer that states words and graphics are more conducive to learning, rather than just text or graphics alone. Several encodings of the same information interferes with learning. The first principle states that attending to two distinct sources of. Recent advances in graphics technology and information technology have prompted new efforts to understand the potential of multimedia learning as a. The redundancy principle is one multimedia learning principle that has been supported by mayer as well as other researchers. Redundancy occurs when the same information is presented. Evidencebased principles for the design of multimedia instruction. Apa members and affiliates receive special rates for purchases of. To inform theories of multimedia learning that guide the design of educational materials, a metaanalysis was conducted to investigate the effects of spokenonly, writtenonly, and spokenwritten presentations on learning retention and transfer. We can see many multimedia learning scenarios have simultaneous text and audio in our lives. A slide full of bullet points with a title that makes no immediate point is a poor slide. Pdf revising the redundancy principle in multimedia learning.
An exploration of concise redundancy in online multimedia learning. Redundancy principle cognitive theory of multimedia learning. Yet, much closer qualitative examinations are still needed. Revising the redundancy principle in multimedia learning richard e. Redundancy principle, multimedia, captioned videos, motivation. The redundancy principle or redundancy effect suggests that redundant material interferes with rather than facilitates learning. The session focuses on the multimedia elearning design principle known as the segmenting principle, which suggests that authors of elearning content should break content up into small pieces or chunks in order to help avoid cognitive overload for the learners. Essential to the cognitive theory of multimedia learning ctml is the notion that the. The theory is based on the idea that learners learn better when they engage in relevant cognitive pressing such as attending to the relevant material in the lesson. The redundancy principle in multimedia learning chapter 10. The redundancy principle of multimedia learning 5 studied a different multimedia learning principle in a classroom setting and succinctly described the implications of few studies in these contexts, explaining, if design principles can be demonstrated in controlled lab environments but cannot be demonstrated in authentic school. First, when identical information is given in two or more forms such as pictures and words or text in both written and audio form.
The redundancy principle of multimedia learning in a next generation science classroom. Revising the redundancy principle in multimedia learning article in journal of educational psychology 1002. Then walks the viewer through a definition, description, and research associated with the modality principle. This was created as a demonstration of my skills and an educational video on one of the principles of multimedia learning.
One hundred and two adult learners employed by an emergency medical service were randomly assigned to one of three training. The effects of training, modality, and redundancy on the development of a historical inquiry strategy in a multimedia learning environment andrea l. That is the reverse redundancy effect is true for multimedia learning of. The image principle is the only multimedia principle thats not affirmative in its phrasing. It was originally meant as part of a blog series, but i thought i would include it in my portfolio. Multimedia learning, cambridge university press 2001 richard e. The cambridge handbook of multimedia learning constitutes the worlds. With the rapid growth of multimedia in education, the importance of investigating the effect of redundancy, repeating instructional messages to enhance conceptualization. This study investigated the effects of two design principles as prescribed by the cognitive theory of multimedia learning on the situational interest of adult learners in a multimediabased continuing education training program.